Table 3 Overview of the model performance per image in relation to the main diagnostic classes using the independent test set (N = 1000 images).
True positives (TP) | True negatives (TN) | False positives (FP) | False negatives (FN) | Diagnostic performance | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ACC | SE | SP | NPV | PPV | |
Diagnostic performance after 250 training epochs (baseline training) | |||||||||||||
Caries | |||||||||||||
Non-cavitation | 372 | 37.2 | 498 | 49.8 | 62 | 6.2 | 68 | 6.8 | 87.0 | 84.6 | 88.9 | 88.0 | 85.7 |
Grayish translucency | 26 | 26.0 | 952 | 95.2 | 10 | 1.0 | 12 | 1.2 | 97.8 | 68.4 | 99.0 | 98.8 | 72.2 |
Enamel breakdown | 13 | 1.3 | 961 | 96.1 | 1 | 0.1 | 25 | 2.5 | 97.4 | 34.2 | 99.9 | 97.5 | 92.9 |
Dentin cavity | 155 | 15.5 | 791 | 79.1 | 23 | 2.3 | 31 | 3.1 | 94.6 | 83.3 | 97.2 | 96.2 | 87.1 |
Fully destructed tooth | 40 | 4.0 | 949 | 94.1 | 5 | 0.5 | 6 | 0.6 | 98.9 | 87.0 | 99.5 | 99.4 | 88.9 |
Molar–incisor hypomineralization (chalky teeth) | |||||||||||||
Demarcated opacity | 148 | 14.8 | 807 | 80.7 | 27 | 2.7 | 18 | 1.8 | 95.5 | 89.2 | 96.8 | 97.8 | 84.6 |
Enamel disintegration | 38 | 38.0 | 954 | 95.4 | 4 | 0.4 | 4 | 0.4 | 99.2 | 90.5 | 99.6 | 99.6 | 90.5 |
Atypical restoration | 35 | 3.5 | 954 | 95.4 | 5 | 0.5 | 6 | 0.6 | 98.9 | 85.4 | 99.5 | 99.4 | 87.5 |
Diagnostic performance after 250 training epochs + finetuning | |||||||||||||
Caries | |||||||||||||
Non-cavitation | 389 | 38.9 | 512 | 51.2 | 5 | 0.5 | 5 | 0.5 | 90.1 | 88.4 | 91.4 | 90.9 | 89.0 |
Grayish translucency | 31 | 31.0 | 959 | 95.9 | 3 | 0.3 | 7 | 0.7 | 99.0 | 81.6 | 99.7 | 99.3 | 91.2 |
Enamel breakdown | 14 | 1.4 | 954 | 95.4 | 8 | 0.8 | 24 | 2.4 | 96.8 | 36.8 | 99.2 | 97.5 | 63.6 |
Dentin cavity | 163 | 16.3 | 796 | 79.6 | 18 | 1.8 | 23 | 2.3 | 95.9 | 87.6 | 97.8 | 97.2 | 90.1 |
Fully destructed tooth | 41 | 4.1 | 949 | 94.9 | 5 | 0.5 | 5 | 0.5 | 99.0 | 89.1 | 99.5 | 99.5 | 89.1 |
Molar–incisor hypomineralization (chalky teeth) | |||||||||||||
Demarcated opacity | 156 | 15.6 | 813 | 81.3 | 21 | 2.1 | 10 | 1.0 | 96.9 | 94.0 | 97.6 | 98.8 | 88.1 |
Enamel disintegration | 33 | 3.3 | 955 | 95.5 | 4 | 0.4 | 8 | 0.8 | 98.8 | 80.5 | 99.6 | 99.2 | 89.2 |
Atypical restoration | 38 | 3.8 | 957 | 95.7 | 1 | 0.1 | 4 | 0.4 | 99.5 | 90.5 | 99.9 | 99.6 | 97.5 |
