Fig. 4: Compositional, structural and morphological characterization of tested Aza-CMP-Co catalysts.

a, Elemental mapping images. b,c, Atomic-resolution HAADF images of used Aza-CMP-Co in bulk (b) and thinner edge (c) (red circles indicate molecular sites). d,e, XPS spectra of used Aza-CMP-Co/CP in regions Co 2p (d) and O 1s (e). f, Normalized Co K-edge XANES spectra of Aza-CMP-Co and Aza-CMP-Co (posted). g,h, k2-Weighted Co K-edge FT EXAFS spectra of Aza-CMP-Co and Aza-CMP-Co (posted) in R (g) and k space (h). i, WT of Aza-CMP-Co (posted). j–l, HAADF–STEM image (j), merged elemental mapping image (k) and cobalt mapping image (l) of used Aza-CMP-Co (exfoliated). m–o, Atomic-resolution HAADF images of used Aza-CMP-Co (exfoliated) in single-atom area (m), mixed area (n) and crystalline area (o); o, inset: FT pattern of the selected area. p,q, XPS spectra of used Aza-CMP-Co (exfoliated)/CP for regions Co 2p (p) and O 1s (q). r, FT–IR spectra of used Aza-CMP-Co (exfoliated)/CP.