Fig. 1: Proposed computational pipeline for precision mapping and spatial heterogeneity analyses.

a, The deep learning network architecture for growth pattern segmentation integrating inputs over multiple spatial resolutions and delivering pixel-wise delineations. b, Overview of all the cohorts and available data. c, Downstream analyses enabled by the AI method, including abundance quantification, risk stratification and morphological and spatial heterogeneity analyses. PPM, Pyramid Pooling Module; Lep., lepidic; Pap., papillary; Aci., acinar; Cri., cribriform; Mic., micropapillary; Sol., solid; NA, not applicable.