Fig. 1: Biosensing and self-sustaining energy devices towards on-body health monitoring.

a Wearable sensors enabling digital diagnosis system. b Illustration demonstrating integration of functional materials with enzymes for biorecognition to detect biomolecule targets, e.g., glucose and lactic acid. c A typical amperogram from a biosensor, accompanied by the calibration curve utilizing amperometric current as a signal. d Illustration showing the working principle of a wearable biofuel cell-based self-powered biosensor. e Power-voltage curve obtained from the biofuel cell-based device, accompanied by the calibration curve utilizing self-generated power or current as a signal.