Fig. 5: Strategies for managing fluctuations in substrate availability and controlling fluids. | Communications Materials

Fig. 5: Strategies for managing fluctuations in substrate availability and controlling fluids.

From: Synergistic convergence of materials and enzymes for biosensing and self-sustaining energy devices towards on-body health monitoring

Fig. 5

a Wearable sensor featuring an osmotic hydrogel and a paper microfluidic channel for sweat extraction and management. Adapted with permission from ref. 118. © 2022, American Chemical Society. b Stretchable microfluidic-integrated glucose biofuel cell-based sensor utilizing a cotton thread-embedded microfluidic device. Adapted with permission from ref. 119. © 2022, Wiley‐VCH GmbH. c Air-breathing biocathode employing a superhydrophobic-based design to create an air-solid-liquid triphase for wearable lactate biofuel cells. Adapted with permission from ref. 145. © 2023, Elsevier B.V. d Breathable and woven electrode designed for lactate biofuel cells. Adapted with permission from ref. 146. © 2023, Elsevier Ltd. e Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) based oxygen-rich cathode serving as an internal oxygen supply. Adapted with permission from ref. 147. © 2018, Elsevier B.V.

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