Fig. 2: Green solvents utilized in the production of PSCs.
From: Materials and methods for cost-effective fabrication of perovskite photovoltaic devices
a The life cycle assessment (LCA) of solvents for PSCs. b The schematic illustration of large-scale perovskite films made via blade coating, requiring solvents: 3500 L per 1 GW of perovskite solar module with PCE of 15%. c The toxicity of solvents assessed by measuring disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). d PbI2@MAFa and PbI2@DMF:DMSO solutions showing different colloidal structure. e The benefits of utilizing a γ-valerolactone (GVL) green solvent. (a adapted with permission from ref. 93. Copyright 2020 Springer Nature. b, c adapted with permission from ref. 94. Copyright 2020 Springer Nature. d adapted with permission from ref. 97., Copyright 2021 The American Association for the Advancement of Science. e adapted with permission from ref. 98, Copyright 2023 Springer Nature).
