Fig. 3: Functional additives in PSCs.
From: Materials and methods for cost-effective fabrication of perovskite photovoltaic devices
a (left panel) schematic model depicting different facets of a perovskite cubic crystal and (right panel) the corresponding SEM image displaying a defined (100) and (111) facets. b AFM images of (left panel) the as-prepared sample and (right panel) the sample exposed to 40% RH for 200 h. c Schematic illustration of the inhomogeneous cation distribution across the film. d The cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of perovskite layer and the high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images captured from the corresponding boxed areas. The third row represents the calculated intensity variations. e Schematic representation of the utilization of additional anion-π interactions as an AX retardant during perovskite fabrication processing. f Schematic representation of intermolecular bonding within the ink. (a adapted with permission from ref. 65, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc. b adapted with permission from ref. 41, Copyright 2023 The American Association for the Advancement of Science. c, d adapted with permission from ref. 64, Copyright 2023 Springer Nature. e adapted with permission from ref. 101, Copyright 2023 Springer Nature. f adapted with permission from ref. 104, Copyright 2024 The American Association for the Advancement of Science.).
