Fig. 3: Schematic showing preparation mechanism and structural characterization of esterified rutin.

a Preparation of esterified rutin; b FT-IR spectra of rutin and esterified rutin over the range 500–4000 cm−1; c Molecular configuration of esterified rutin obtained by molecular dynamics simulation (red dashed line shows nucleophilic substituents and hydroxyl groups that did not react due to spatial barrier effect).