Fig. 5: Mechanical properties of ionogels.

a Stress–strain curves of PU-H and PU-HR; b Toughness of PU-H and PU-HR; c Comparison of tensile strength and elongation at break of other ionogels with UV shielding properties32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,46; d Stress–relaxation curves of PU-H and PU-HR (inset shows stress-relaxation curves for 1–30 s); e Tensile force variation curves over 50 cycles of loading and unloading at 50% fixed strain; f Tensile rate of 100 mm min−1 (inset shows digital photograph of puncture process of PU-HR).