Fig. 1: Surface displacements of the September 2022 Chihshang earthquake sequence.

a Tectonic setting of the Longitudinal Valley suture zone (LVS). CeR: Central Range; CoR: Coastal Range. b Cross section view showing the distribution of background seismicity between 1990 and 2020 (light gray dots)55. Relocated aftershocks prior to November 17 are in black dots (catalog from Taiwan Geophysical Database Management System, Taiwan GDMS, https://gdmsn.cwb.gov.tw/). See (d) for profile ___location. c Coseismic interferogram and GNSS horizontal displacements for the foreshock56. Traces of the Central Range fault and the Longitudinal Valley fault (LVF) are based on the Taiwan Earthquake Model31. Traces of the 1951 surface ruptures on the Yuli fault (YLF) and the LVF are based on previous field surveys28,29. LOS: radar line-of-sight direction. d Coseismic interferogram and GNSS horizontal displacements for the mainshock. e Cumulative N–S offsets from the foreshock to the mainshock. Vectors represent the GNSS vertical coseismic displacement for the mainshock.