Fig. 4: Interpolated carbonates and parent waters δ¹⁸O and Δ′¹⁷O values for speleothems from the Asian monsoon region.

The interpolated maps for Δ′¹⁷O values of speleothems (a) and reconstructed parent water (b), respectively. The interpolated maps for δ¹⁸O values of speleothems (c) and reconstructed parent water (d), respectively. Symbol size represents isotopic values. The interpolated maps of δ¹⁸O and Δ′¹⁷O values of speleothems were generated using inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation⁷³. The locations of all sample sites are given in Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 1.