Fig. 4: Grassland ecological restoration techniques are classified into three groups (protect, manage, and restore) with NbS.

In this classification system, the “protect” pathways include targeted grazing, litter removal, weed control, root cutting, microbial inoculation, and prescribed burning; the “managed” pathways consist of grazing exclusion, rodent control, mowing, plowing, and grazing chickens; and the “restore” pathways contain artificial grassland, no-tillage reseeding, topsoil removal, straw checkerboard barrier, irrigation, fertilization, and sward ripping. Every element of the image was created by us and our co-authors.