Fig. 4: Winter mean changes associated with IOD variability for two decadal periods.

a Difference between April and January regression map of SST (shading, [°C]), wind stress (vector, [N m−2]), sea level pressure anomalies (gray contours, 0.3 [hPa]), and subsurface temperature (5°S to 5°N) anomaly (shading, [°C]) against the September–October–November mean normalized DMI during P1 (1953–1978). (b) same as in (a) but for P2 (1980–2005). (c) difference between (b) and (a). Boxes in figure indicate the western and eastern pole of IOD.