Fig. 7: The impact of smooth and coarse lateral boundary strategies on the forecast effect at different ranges in the inner region.

The RMSEs in this figure are calculated by choosing HRRR.A as benchmark. By selecting strip areas with distances of 0-30 km and 60–90 km from the inner region boundary, the performance of YingLong-HRRR.F24 with boundary smoothing (blue lines) and coarse (i.e. direct replacement, green lines) are compared.