Fig. 4: Temporal variations of summer Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), central Pacific (CP) and eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO indices and their corresponding soil, atmospheric and oceanic anomaly fields during 1979–2023. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 4: Temporal variations of summer Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), central Pacific (CP) and eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO indices and their corresponding soil, atmospheric and oceanic anomaly fields during 1979–2023.

From: Atmospheric and oceanic drivers behind the 2023 Canadian wildfires

Fig. 4

a Time series of normalized summer (May to July, MJJ) mean 9-yr low pass PDO, 9-yr high pass central Pacific (CP) and eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO (Niño3.4) indices during 1979–2023 and (b) composite MJJ-mean SST (color shading, unit: K), (c) 2023 MJJ-mean SST anomaly, (d) composite MJJ-mean Z500 (contours; unit: gpm) & SAT (color shading; unit: K), (e) precipitation (P, unit: mm), (f) vapor pressure deficit (VPD, unit: hPa), (g) soil moisture (SM, unit: m3 m−3), (h) snowmelt (unit: m) and (i) fire weather index (FWI, unit: non-dimensional) anomalies for both the negative PDO (PDO-) and EP El Niño. The dot denotes the region being statistically significant at the 95% confidence level.

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