Fig. 3: Age-independent gene expression and immune cell frequency correlates of DNAm IC.

a, Genes whose expression was significantly associated with age-independent changes in DNAm IC (FDR < 0.05, colored dots). The labels indicate the top five genes with the largest changes in each direction after adjustment for multiple testing. Two-sided P values were calculated from the t-statistics obtained from the linear regression. b, Top 20 biological processes enriched (FDR < 0.05) in genes significantly associated with DNAm IC. c, Enrichment for the gene sets of the hallmarks of aging. Nominal P values were calculated using a one-signed gene set enrichment analysis. d, Cell frequency changes with age and DNAm IC. Top, relationship between the DNAm-based cell count estimates and chronological age. Middle and bottom, relationship between DNAm IC and cell count, adjusted or unadjusted according to chronological age. The red lines indicate the linear regression between the variables. The correlations were calculated using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients; nominal P values were derived from the two-sided test of the correlation coefficient (t-distribution approximation).