Fig. 4: Racial diversity-association effects in the co-authorship networks of researchers.
Racial diversity-association effects in co-authorship networks relative to the randomized null model, and how the racial diversity of junior co-authors in the established period is correlated with that of their early co-authors for individual researchers. The cohort of junior co-authors for a researcher is defined to be racially diverse if the racial entropy score is greater than the baseline rate predicted by the null model. a, The interplay between the racial diversity of junior co-authors in the early-career and established periods of researchers. b, Racial diversity-association effects in co-authorship networks over time, from 1960 to 2012, according to the first career years of individual researchers. c, Racial diversity-association effects across countries, where we select the top-20 countries with the most researchers and arrange them according to the continents they belong to. d, Statistical distribution of racial diversity-association effect Δc of countries with at least 100 researchers. Bars in a represent mean values and error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Lines denote mean values and shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals in b. We report effect sizes using the Cohen’s d statistic and use two-sided t-tests for comparisons. P values reported in the plot are adjusted by the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure for multiple comparisons. ***P < 0.001.
