Fig. 4: Total accumulated policy costs expressed by net present value (NPV) of GDP losses. | npj Climate Action

Fig. 4: Total accumulated policy costs expressed by net present value (NPV) of GDP losses.

From: Climate change mitigation costs reduction caused by socioeconomic-technological transitions

Fig. 4

NPV variations by discount rate (a, b, c) and differences between immediate and delayed climate change actions (d, e) are presented. In panels a, b, c, squares and circles present IST scenarios and the rest of scenarios respectively. d Cost optimal without consideration of NDC implementation which means 2030’s emissions levels are basically lower than with NDCs (e).

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