Fig. 1: Ion-selective membrane-based electrodialysis processes for lithium extraction. | Nature Water

Fig. 1: Ion-selective membrane-based electrodialysis processes for lithium extraction.

From: Solution-processable polymer membranes with hydrophilic subnanometre pores for sustainable lithium extraction

Fig. 1

a, Schematic diagram of selective electrodialysis process for lithium extraction from brine solution. For simplicity, only one ion-selective membrane (ISM) and two anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are shown in the diagram. b, Schematic diagram of ion transport in conventional ion-exchange membranes. c, Schematic diagram of selective ion transport in ion-exchange membranes with subnanometre channels. d, Schematic diagram of selective ion transport in microporous ion-selective membranes with hydrophilic functional groups. e, Chemical structures of hydrophilic PIM polymers with amidoxime groups. f, Photo of AO-PIM-1 membrane with size of 25 cm × 27 cm, exposed in water. g, PIM polymers with carboxylic acid and carboxylate groups. h, Polymers with sulfonate groups. i, Summary of polymer membranes in different charge states. j, Schematic diagram showing the operation of AO-PIM membranes over a broad pH range.

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