Fig. 3: Ion separation performance via selective electrodialysis.
a, Ion permeation rates of binary salt mixtures for AO-PIM-1, AO-PIM-1-De and AO-PIM-1-Et membranes. b, Monovalent/divalent ion selectivity of AO-PIM-1, AO-PIM-1-De and AO-PIM-1-Et membranes. c, Ion permeation rate and selectivity of AO-PIM-1 membrane for feed solution of KCl/NaCl/LiCl/MgCl2 mixtures (0.1 M each). d, Ion permeation rates of binary salt mixtures for PIM-SBI-OH-AO, PIM-SBI-OMe-AO and PIM-SBI-OMe-CN. e, Monovalent/divalent ion selectivity of PIM-SBI-OH-AO, PIM-SBI-OMe-AO and PIM-SBI-OMe-CN membranes. f, Ion permeation rate and selectivity of PIM-SBI-OH-AO membrane for feed solution of KCl/NaCl/LiCl/MgCl2 mixtures (0.1 M each). In a–f, the error bars of permeation rate data represent the standard errors derived from linear fittings of salt concentration profiles of three independent experiments, and the error bars of selectivity data represent uncertainties derived from the permeation rates. g, Ion permeation rate and selectivity of AO-PIM-1 membrane in Li/Mg binary salt mixtures at varied pH. h, Ion permeation rate and selectivity of PIM-SBI-OH-AO membrane in Li/Mg binary salt mixtures at varied pH. i, Plot of monovalent/divalent ion selectivity versus monovalent ion permeation rates. Literature data are included for comparison (shown in Supplementary Table 4). Typical commercial ion-exchange membranes are included for comparison: Nafion (tested in this work) and ASTOM commercial monovalent selective membranes26. j, Long-duration performance of electrodialysis tests of AO-PIM-1 membranes for 20 days. In g, h and j, the error bars of permeation rate data represent the standard errors derived from linear fittings of salt concentration profiles, and the error bars of selectivity data represent uncertainties derived from the permeation rates.
