Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the cases and controls

From: Risk factors for long-term cardiovascular post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 infection: A nested case-control study in Hong Kong

Baseline characteristic

Cases (N = 455)

Controls (N = 3423)

SMDb

N/Mean

%/SD

N/Mean

%/SD

Demographics

Age, yearsa

70.4

13.4

68.7

12.0

0.134

Sex, male

273

60.0

2079

60.7

0.015

Charlson Comorbidity Indexa

0.6

1.3

0.5

1.1

0.105

Pre-existing morbidities

Peripheral vascular disease

9

2.0

19

0.6

0.128

Respiratory disease

21

4.6

130

3.8

0.041

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

21

4.6

130

3.8

0.041

Paralysis

0

0.0

0

0.0

<0.001

Type 2 diabetes

108

23.7

754

22.0

0.041

Chronic kidney disease

21

4.6

89

2.6

0.108

Mild liver disease

2

0.4

21

0.6

0.024

Moderate-severe liver disease

0

0.0

10

0.3

0.077

Ulcers

7

1.5

87

2.5

0.071

Rheumatoid arthritis and other Inflammatory polyarthropathies

5

1.1

32

0.9

0.016

Malignancy

29

6.4

195

5.7

0.028

Metastatic solid tumour

6

1.3

29

0.8

0.046

Hypertension

194

42.6

1600

46.7

0.083

Mental disorders

47

10.3

293

8.6

0.061

FH screened by FAMCATa

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.020

Doses of COVID-19 vaccines received

    

0.258

0

111

24.4

518

15.1

 

1

44

9.7

416

12.2

 

2

137

30.1

1284

37.5

 

3 or above

163

35.8

1205

35.2

 

Antiviral Prescription for COVID-19c

80

17.6

417

12.2

0.152

COVID-19 associated hospitalisation

77

16.9

283

8.3

0.263

Healthcare utilisation within 2 yearsa

3.5

4.3

4.6

4.8

0.238

  1. SMD Standardized mean difference.
  2. aAge, Charlson Comorbidity Index, FH screened by FAMCAT, and healthcare utilisation are presented in mean ± Standard Deviation (SD).
  3. bSMD ≤ 0.1 is considered a good balance between cases and controls.
  4. cAntiviral prescription for COVID-19 was defined as prescribed Molnupiravir, Paxlovid, or Remdesivir within five days after being infected with COVID-19.
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