Fig. 3: Injections into the duct of Cuvier (DoC) of zebrafish larvae.

A Schematic illustration of 2 days post-fertilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae, highlighting the targeted DoC area. B Screenshot showing the needle angle and precise positioning of the needle tip for robotic DoC injections. C Representative images demonstrating marked blood flow of 2 dpf larvae, annotation of the DoC, and recognition of the DoC by the robot after algorithm training on thousands of annotated images of DoC. D Fluorescent images displaying the distribution of various substances within the bloodstream at 4 h post-injection (hpi). TILs tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. E Comprehensive data on the testing and validation of robotic DoC injections using different substances, with two robotic injection modes, conducted across multiple laboratories. Manual injections using micromanipulators were performed by different researchers for comparison to the robotic injections. The numbers in the average rows represent the mean value ± standard deviation (STDEV). There is no significant difference in the average values between the robotic automated mode and the manual mode. Blue en dash: not applicable.