Extended Data Figure 9: Impaired glycaemic control associated with acute saccharin consumption in humans is transferable to germ-free mice.

a, Experimental schematic (N = 7). b, c, Daily incremental AUC of days 1–4 versus days 5–7 in four responders (b) or three non-responders (c). d, Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of weighted UniFrac distances of 16S rRNA sequences demonstrating separation on principal coordinates 2 (PC2), 3 (PC3) and 4 (PC4) of microbiota from responders (N samples = 12) versus non-responders (N = 8) during days 5–7. e, Order-level relative abundance of taxa samples from days 1–7 of responders and non-responders. f, AUC in germ-free mice (N = 6) 6 days following faecal transplantation from samples of responder 1 (R1) collected before and after 7 days of saccharin consumption. g, h, OGTT and AUC in germ-free mice (N = 5) 6 days after receiving faecal samples collected from responder 4 (R4) before and after 7 days of saccharin consumption. i, AUC in germ-free mice (N = 5) 6 days following faecal transplantation from samples of non-responder 3 (NR3) collected before and after 7 days of saccharin consumption. j, k, OGTT and AUC in germ-free mice (N = 5) 6 days after receiving faecal samples collected from non-responder 2 (NR2) before and after 7 days of saccharin consumption. l, Fold taxonomical abundance changes of selected OTUs, altered in germ-free recipients of D7 versus D1 microbiomes from R1. Dot colour same as in e, bacterial orders. Symbols (GTT) or horizontal lines (AUC), means; error bars, s.e.m. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc analysis (GTT), unpaired two-sided Student t-test (AUC).