Fig. 1: Aerial and frontal views of the study area encompassing Fo Guang Shan Monastery (FGSM) and Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum (FGSBM), illustrating the spatial configuration and landscape setting.

a Aerial view of the Fo Guang Shan complex, showing the monastic grounds, Buddha Museum axis, and surrounding green infrastructure. b Front elevation of the Buddha Museum entrance, highlighting the Eight Pagodas and the symmetrical layout of the pilgrimage plaza. Images (a, b) sourced from Wikimedia Commons and used under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 license (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_View_of_Fo_Guang_Shan.png; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fo_Guang_Shan_Buddha_Museum_%E4%BD%9B%E5%85%89%E5%B1%B1%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E9%A4%A8_.jpg).