Fig. 10

Schematic illustration of the study design and main findings of the current study. For cellular investigations, diluted solutions of extracts derived from the molybdenum (Mo)-containing scaffold-printing powders significantly promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs while inhibiting the differentiation of osteoclast progenitors. In a clinically relevant critical-size alveolar bone defect model, 3D-printed Mo-containing bioactive glass ceramic scaffold with solid-strut-packed structures (Mo-scaffold) exerted stronger function to enhance osteogenesis while inhibit osteoclastogenesis throughout the bone healing process, leading to enhanced alveolar bone regeneration