Fig. 3: Effect of TiO2 functional layer on the device performance.

a Dark IV curves for devices with/without TiO2; (b) CPD maps (KPFM images) of ITO-based; and (c) TiO2-based devices under dark and light conditions. The Surface CPD of light conditions were recorded under 20 mW cm−2 white light illumination. d Mott-Schottky curve calculates the Vbi of TiO2-Q-2D perovskite X-ray detector; (e) The sensitivity of the X-ray detectors with dose rate from 70 nGyair s−1 to 2726 nGyair s−1. f X-ray dose rate-dependent SNR of the X-ray detectors under an electric field of −100 V cm−1, and the error bars represent the standard deviation