Fig. 4: Transcriptomic characterization and spatiotemporal gene expression analysis of hCS.

a Principal component analysis (PCA) showing a strong donor effects and weaker clustering across diagnostic and response categories. b The same PCA plot displaying pairing information between untreated (circles) and treated (triangles) pairs. c Variance partition plot showing the proportion of gene expression variance attributed to different sources. Residuals constitute additional, unknown sources of variation not accounted for. d Estimation of cell type fractions in untreated CTRL and BD hCS. Significant differences detected in mature neurons and interneurons proportions. Data was analyzed by Mann–Whitney U test for group comparisons. e Overlap between in vitro gene expression (hCS) and in vivo human spatial brain expression profiles (BrainSpan). Brain regions nomenclature and abbreviations is the same as in [71]. f Overlap between in vitro gene expression and in vivo human temporal brain expression profiles. Strong correspondence seen between hCS and mid fetal stages (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ANCOVA). CTRL (N = 10), Li-N (N = 5), Li-R (N = 6). OPCs oligodendrocyte precursor cells, RGs radial glia cells, NPCs neural precursor cells.