Fig. 6: GEO reduces liver inflammation by suppressing the gut-derived LPS/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

a Intestinal permeability based on plasma FITC-dextran intensity, b plasma LPS, c hepatic LPS, d representative image of TLR4 and NF-κB protein expression, e TLR4 protein expression, and f NF-κB protein expression in C57BL/6 mice, which were treated with either control or a palm oil-containing HFD with LPS i.p. (PL) with or without ginger essential oil (GEO) (12.5 (GL), 62.5 (GM), and 125 (GH) mg/kg bw) supplementation by daily oral gavage for 12 weeks. Each value was expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 7–8), protein expression (n = 3). Statistical analyses were performed by a one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test for comparing group means against the PL group.