Fig. 1: The means and percentages of outcome variables by latent profile.

Profile 1 (black; 60%) had mean Bayley scores within normal limits and few behavioral problems. Profile 2 (blue; 24%) had mean Bayley scores indicative of mild impairment but few behavioral problems. Profile 3 (purple; 5%) had mean Bayley scores indicative of severe impairment and borderline elevated CBCL/11/2–5 scores. Profile 4 (red; 11%) had mean Bayley scores indicative of severe impairment but few behavioral problems. CBCL/11/2–5 outcomes are syndrome scale raw scores and Bayley outcome is the harmonized Mental Development Index (hMDI; normative mean = 100, standard deviation = 15). CP refers to a cerebral palsy diagnosis, and ASD refers to a positive screen on the M-CHAT. CBCL/11/2–5 scores are plotted according to the left axis (ranging from 0 to 20), whereas Bayley, CP, and ASD variables are plotted according to the right axis (ranging from 0 to 100). Colored shading provides information about normal limits (green), borderline elevated or mild impairment (yellow), and elevated or severe impairment (red). For CBCL/11/2–5, raw scores were used for model estimation, but colored shading is based on corresponding T-scores. Aggressive aggressive problems, Anx/Dep anxious/depressed, ASD autism spectrum disorder, Attention attention problems, CP cerebral palsy, Emot emotionally reactive, Sleep sleep problems, Somat somatic complaints, WNL within normal limits.