Fig. 3: The effect of AR extract on S. mutans.

A a–f shows typical fluorescence microscopy image acquisition of live, dead and merged in preformed biofilms of S. mutans after 24 h of intervention (×100). a negative control group; (b) solvent control group; (c) 2 mg/mL AR extract; (d) 4 mg/mL AR extract; (e) 8 mg/mL AR extract; (f) 0.12% CHX positive control group (n = 3). B The percentage of area occupied by live and dead bacteria was calculated for each group based on three randomly selected images. Dissimilar letters indicate significantly different values (P < 0.05).