Table 1 Mechanisms of cell communications between macrophages and IVD cells
From: Role of macrophage in intervertebral disc degeneration
Source | Component | Target cell | Mechanism | Outcomes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | IL-1β | NPC | Stimulate NF-κB signaling pathway | Promote the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines | |
NPC | Stimulate MAPK signaling pathway | Promote the expression of inflammatory cytokines | |||
NPC | Suppress PI3K/Akt signaling pathway | Inhibit cell proliferation, promote apoptosis and senescence | |||
NPC | Stimulate JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway | Promote apoptosis and ECM degradation | |||
AFC | Stimulate ERK pathway | Induces apoptosis | |||
AFC | Stimulate NF-κB signaling pathway | Promote inflammation and ECM degradation | |||
CEPC | Stimulate PI3K/Akt signaling pathway | Inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis, inhibited the synthesis and metabolism of CEPC | |||
CEPC | Stimulate Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway | Inhibit the expression of Collagen II, ACAN and Sox-9. Promote the expression of ADTAMTS5 and MMP13 | |||
TNF-α | NPCs | Stimulate MAPK signaling pathway | Promote the expression of CHOP and promote apoptosis | ||
NPCs | Stimulate NF-κB signaling pathway | Promote the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, Promote pyroptosis and cell senescence | |||
NPCs | Stimulate JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway | Promote cell senescence | |||
NPCs | Stimulate UPR signaling pathway | TNF-α stimulus upregulated ER stress markers and initiated unfolded protein response (UPR), promoting cell proliferation | |||
AFC | Stimulate NF-κB signaling pathway | Inhibit cell proliferation, promote cell senescence and the expression of ROS | |||
IL-18 | NPC | Stimulate Caspase-3/9 signaling pathway | Promote apoptosis and ECM degradation | ||
IL-6 | NPC | Stimulate JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway | Promote the expression of COX-2, MMP-13 and catabolic activity | ||
NPC | Stimulate YAP1/β-catenin signaling pathway | Inhibit the expression of Sox-9, Col-II and ACAN, and promote the expression of MMP 13 | |||
CXCL8 | NPC | Stimulate NF-κB pathway signaling pathway | Promote apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation and ECM degradation | ||
Exosome | NPC | Stimulate LCN2/NF-κB signaling axis | Promote cell senescence | ||
ROS | NPC | Stimulate MAPK signaling pathway | Promote cell senescence | ||
NPC | Stimulate NF- κ B signaling pathway | Promote cell senescence | |||
NPC | Stimulate Hippo-p53 signaling pathway | Promote cell senescence | |||
M2 | IL-10 | NPC | Suppress MAPK signaling pathway | Induce anti-inflammatory response and delay IVDD | |
EC | Stimulate pSTAT3 signaling | Promote endplate vascularization and sclerosis | |||
TGF-β | NPC | Suppress MAPK signaling pathway | Inhibit catabolic activity and inflammation | ||
NPC | Stimulate TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway | Inhibit ECM degradation and promote ECM synthesis | |||
NPC | Suppress NF-κB signaling pathway | Promote cell proliferation, inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress | |||
Exosome | NPC | Stimulate TGF-β/smad3 signaling pathway | Promote the expression of Col-II and ACAN, inhibit the expression of MMP13 and ADAMTs5 by delivering miR-124-3p | ||
Small EV | NPC | Suppress PTEN/NLRP3 signaling pathway | Inhibit pyroptosis by delivering miR-221-3p | ||
NPC | CCL2/7 | Macrophage | CCL2/7-CCR2 axis | Promote macrophage infiltration | |
CX3CL1 | Macrophage | CX3CL1-CX3CR1 | Promote M2 polarization | ||
CCL3 | Macrophage | CCL3-CCR1 | Promote macrophage infiltration | ||
CCL4 | Macrophage | CCL4-CCR1 | Promote macrophage infiltration | ||
Exosome | Macrophage | Stimulate PPARγ/NFκB/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway | Promote M1 polarization |
