Fig. 6: Sequential therapy inhibits distant metastasis in vivo, migration, invasion, and MCP-1 levels.

Orthotopic xenograft of MDAMB231 was used to histologically evaluate (a, b) lung micrometastasis and (c) liver micrometastasis. b Representative images of H&E-stained sections of lung tissue, using ×20 objective. Metastatic cancer cells are demarcated from normal cells with a dashed black line and asterisks. The impact of different treatment strategies using a 24-h assay (d) in MDAMB231 cells on migration (e, f) and invasion (g) using transwell inserts + /− matrigel. f Representative images taken at 20x of MDAMB231 migrated cells that have been fixed and stained with hematoxylin. Secreted MCP-1 levels post treatment were quantified using an ELISA, in (h) MDAMB231 and (i) HCC1395 cells. Data are represented as mean +/– SEM. ANOVA with post test for multiple comparisons was performed. ****P < 0.0001; ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05.