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Genetics and Genomics

Spatial omics technology potentially promotes the progress of tumor immunotherapy

British Journal of Cancer (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

Immunotherapy has become an indispensable modality in the treatment of cancer, yet challenges such as resistance and substantial variability in therapeutic responses among patients remain significant obstacles. Key technologies, including spatial omics, have emerged as critical methods for exploring the complex tumor microenvironment. Increasing evidence suggests that, compared to single-cell sequencing, spatial omics technologies offer the advantage of preserving spatial context and integrating multimodal analyses, thereby advancing our understanding of complex interactions within biological tissues. In this perspective article, we present a comprehensive overview of the origins, classifications, and characteristics of various modalities of spatial omics analyses. Furthermore, we discuss the heterogeneity of the TME in the spatial context, such as the phenotypic differences between B cells and T cells near normal versus tumorous tissues—where they predominantly express immune-suppressive receptors in proximity to the tumor. Additionally, we summarize the applications of spatial omics in different cancer therapies, recent advancements in exploring cellular interactions and tertiary lymphoid structures, and the challenges faced in clinical translation. In light of these findings, we advocate for a broader application of spatial omics, combined with other technologies, as this will unveil overlooked therapeutic targets and could potentially realize precision immunotherapy for cancer.

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Fig. 1: Heterogeneity of tumour immune microenvironment.
Fig. 2: Characteristics of different immune cells.
Fig. 3: Immunosuppressive mechanisms of different tumours.

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Acknowledgements

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Funding

This study was supported by Henan Youth and Middle-aged Health Science and Technology Innovation Leaders Training Project (NO. YXKC2022004). Henan Health Young and Middle-aged discipline Leader Project (NO. HNSWJW-2022011). Henan Medical Science and Technology Tackling Programme of Provincial-Ministry Joint Major Project (No. SBGJ202401004). Key Research and Development Projects of Henan Province (NO. 251111310100).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China

    Zhen Lan, Yuanyuan Yang, Lingling Li, Chaoguan Wang & Yang Liu

  2. Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, China

    Zhenqiang Sun

  3. Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China

    Qiming Wang

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  1. Zhen Lan
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  2. Yuanyuan Yang
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  3. Lingling Li
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  4. Chaoguan Wang
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  5. Zhenqiang Sun
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  6. Qiming Wang
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  7. Yang Liu
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Contributions

Z.l. finished the manuscript and figures.Y.Y., L.L., C.W. collected the related paper. Y.L., Q.W. and Z.S. gave constructive guidance and made critical revisions.

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Correspondence to Zhenqiang Sun, Qiming Wang or Yang Liu.

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Lan, Z., Yang, Y., Li, L. et al. Spatial omics technology potentially promotes the progress of tumor immunotherapy. Br J Cancer (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-025-03075-5

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