Fig. 4: FNDC5 deficiency disrupts mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics, and activation of SIRT3 alleviates FNDC5 deficiency-induced damage to mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics.

a, b Western blot and statistical analysis of FNDC5 expression. c Representative MitoTracker fluorescence images illustrating mitochondrial morphology. Scale bar: 10 μm. d, e Mitochondrial morphological characteristics were quantified by ImageJ software. f ATP content of HT22 cells. g NAD+/NADH of HT22 cells. h, i Representative fluorescence intensity of JC-1 staining illustrating the MMP. Scale bar: 20 μm. j, k Representative MitoSOX fluorescence images of mitochondria-derived ROS. Scale bar: 50 μm (n = 6 for each group). l, m Western blot and statistical analysis of SIRT3 expression. n Relative mRNA level of SIRT3. o Total acetylation level of mitochondrial proteins. p Relative acetylation level of mitochondrial proteins. Significance was determined by Student’s t test (b, m, n, p) and one-way (d–g, i, k) ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 vs. Control group, #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01 vs. FNDC5-KO + vel group. Values are presented as the mean ± SEM.