Fig. 4

Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) regulate the antigen-presenting properties of DCs. A EV subpopulations are represented based on size and origin. Exosomes are the most extensively studied tumor-derived EVs. Very few authors have addressed the role of different EV subpopulations in modulating DC biology in tumors. B Tumor-derived EVs have been shown to mediate two main and apparently contradictory functions in DCs, i.e., increased (depicted on the left) or decreased tumor antigen presentation (right side). The image summarizes the different regulatory mechanisms in a single EV different identified in specific tumor types and EV subpopulations. MVB multivesicular body, ILVs intraluminal vesicles, TAA tumor-associated antigen, FA fatty acid, palmit. proteins palmitoylated proteins, ARG1 arginase 1. Created with BioRender.com