Fig. 3

Structural characterizations of TiS₂ during the initial activation. a In operando XRD characterization and corresponding galvanostatic voltage profile for the first two cycles. b STEM images for stages 0 to 4. c HE-XRD patterns for stages 0 to 3. d The STEM image and the elemental mapping of Ti and C at stage 4. Scale bars: 2 nm