Fig. 1

Schematic illustration of the unique in situ wrapping strategy for lithium–sulfur cathode structures. a The no wrapping case, which exhibits severe capacity decay during cycling. b Perfect wrapping of the C/S materials prior to battery assembly, which exhibits poor overall performance due to the lack of electrolyte in the active material. c Imperfect wrapping of the cathode material prior to battery assembly, which exhibits improved cycle stability compared with the no wrapping case. d Perfect post-assembly in situ wrapping of the cathode material, which exhibits ideal cycle stability using a blocking polysulfide shuttle while allowing for electrolyte infiltration in the active material