Fig. 2: Heterogeneity of CD4 TSCM cells and Wnt signaling.
From: Immunological history governs human stem cell memory CD4 heterogeneity via the Wnt signaling pathway
a Depletion of TSCM CD4 cells during aging. Freshly isolated PBMCs were collected and stained for flow cytometry. The statistical analysis was performed on unpaired samples (U Mann–Whitney test) (**** for p < 0.0001). b Relationship between naive T-cell subsets during aging. The frequencies of TSCM and naive T cells were compared in young and old individuals (Spearman's rank-order test, p < 0.0001, r = 0.749). c Inflammation and aging. Pro-inflammatory molecules were measured in the plasma of young and older donors (n = 99 and n = 874, respectively). The statistical analysis was performed on unpaired samples (U Mann–Whitney test) (** and **** for p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001, respectively). d Rarefaction of CD31 expressing naive CD4 T cells and TSCM CD4 cells during aging and chronic HIV infection. Staining was performed on freshly collected blood of young (n = 28) and elderly donors (n = 70). Total CD4 T cells (right Y-axis) or CD4 T-cell subsets (left Y-axis) were enumerated during aging. Absolute counts were monitored in the peripheral blood of Malaysian cohort of healthy donors (n = 10) versus cART-treated HIV-infected patients (n = 6). The statistical analysis was performed on unpaired samples (U Mann–Whitney test; *, **, ***, and **** for p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001, and p < 0.0001, respectively). e Restoration of CD4 T-cells distribution after successful HIV therapy. Longitudinal follow-up of CD4 T-cells subsets frequency was performed before and 48 weeks after the initiation of cART. The statistical analysis was performed on paired samples (Wilcoxon signed-rank test) (**, ***, and **** for p < 0.01, p < 0.001, and p < 0.0001, respectively). f Heterogeneity of CD4 TSCM by high-dimensional single-cell flow cytometry staining. CD4 TSCM cells of 20 donors were concatenated. CD4 TSCM clusters were visualized by phenograph and by a cold to hot heatmap, representing the intensity of each marker. Their distribution during aging was represented by the overlaid populations of CD4 TSCM from young and old patients. g Decreased of “RTE-like” CD4 TSCM cluster during aging. The frequency of CD31+PTK7+ TSCM CD4 cells was quantified by flow cytometry. The statistical analysis was performed on unpaired samples (Mann–Whitney, * for p < 0.05). Source data are provided as a Source Data file for all figures except (f).
