Fig. 4: Enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immunity in severe COVID-19 patients.

a UMAP representations of B cell and plasma B cell clusters from the severe and remission stages and in healthy control individuals. b Bar plot of the proportions of plasma B cells in the B cell lineage from the severe and remission stages and in healthy control individuals. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. c UMAP representations of CD8⁺ T cell subtypes (left) and the distribution of cells from the severe and remission stages and in healthy control individuals in each subtype (right). d Dot plot of the expression of the CCR7, PRDM1, and MKI67 genes in all CD8⁺ T cell subtypes. e Heatmap of differentially expressed genes in effector CD8⁺ T cells based on pairwise comparisons between severe-stage patients, remission-stage patients, and healthy control individuals. f, g, Bar plots of GO terms enriched in effector CD8⁺ T cells from the severe stage (f) or the severe and remission stages (g). P values were calculated using a hypergeometric test and the Benjamini–Hochberg correction algorithm (i.e. multi-test adjustments) in Metascape. h, i, Box plots of the average expression of genes involved in the signalling pathways associated with cell chemotaxis (h) and regulation of cell killing (i) in effector CD8⁺ T cells from the severe stage (n = 1128 cells) and remission stage (n = 1964 cells) and in healthy control individuals (n = 1715 cells). Centre line, median; box limits, upper and lower quartiles; whiskers, 1.5x interquartile range; points, outliers; P values were calculated using two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.