Fig. 4: Fuel cell performance.

a The power density of AEMFCs with different AEIs and PFTP-13 AEMs (25 ± 3 μm) based on A/C TKK Pt/C catalysts (0.33 mg cm⁻²): 1000/1000 mL min⁻¹ H₂–O₂ flow rate, 65 °C, 85%/100% A/C RH, and 0.5/0.5 bar back pressure. b the power density of AEMFCs with different AEIs and PFTP-13 AEMs (25 ± 3 μm) based on A/C TKK Pt/C catalysts (0.33 mg cm⁻²): 80 °C, 50%/80% A/C RH, and 1.3/1.3 bar backpressure. c The relationship between the PPDs and the intrinsic viscosity of PFBP-x AEIs: PFTP-13 AEMs (25 ± 3 μm), H₂–O₂, A/C Hispec Pt/C catalysts (0.33 mg cm⁻²), 80 °C, the A/C flow rate of 1000/1000 mL min⁻¹, 75%/100% A/C RH. Hollow circle symbols are PPDs without back pressure, while filled circle symbols are PPDs with 1.3/1.3 bar back pressure. d The power density of AEMFCs based on Pt–Ru/C anode with backpressure: PFBP-14 AEIs and PFTP-13 AEMs (20 ± 3 μm), 80 °C, 75%/100% A/C RH, 1000/1000 mL min⁻¹ H₂–O₂ flow rate, different back pressures, Pt–Ru/C anode (0.42 mg cm⁻²), Hispec Pt/C cathode (0.33 mg cm⁻²). A/C Hispec Pt/C (0.33 mg cm⁻²) for comparison. e the power density of AEMFCs in H₂–air (CO₂ free) with different anode catalysts: PFBP-14 AEIs and PFTP-13 AEMs (20 ± 3 μm), 80 °C, 75%/100% A/C RH, 1000/2000 mL min⁻¹ flow rate, 1.3/1.3 bar A/C backpressure, 0.33 mg cm⁻² A/C catalyst loading. f PFAP-based AEMFCs with 0.6 mg cm⁻² loading of Co@C/C cathode and Pt–Ru/C anode with 1000/1000 mL min⁻¹ H₂–O₂ flow rate at 60 and 80 °C. PPDs reached 0.769 cm⁻² and 0.891 W cm⁻² at 60 °C without backpressure and at 80 °C with 0.5/0.5 bar backpressure, respectively.