Fig. 4: IXA4 treatment enhances pancreatic function.

a Representative images and quantification of islet area in the pancreas of DIO mice treated with IXA4 for 8 weeks and stained with H&E. Arrowheads indicate individual islets. The mean islet area is shown and error bars represent SEM for n = 84 or 143 replicates. **P < 0.01 for a two-tailed Welch’s t test. b Insulin content of primary islets isolated from DIO mice after 8 weeks of IXA4 treatment. Error bars show SEM for n = 18 replicates. c Time course of plasma insulin levels after oral administration of a glucose bolus normalized to basal insulin at time 0 h. Experiment conducted after 38 days of IXA4 treatment. Error bars show SEM for n = 7 mice/condition. *P < 0.05 for a two-tailed Welch’s t test. d Plasma proinsulin to insulin ratio after oral administration of a glucose bolus to DIO mice treated for 38 days with IXA4. Error bars show SEM for n = 5 or 6 mice. *P < 0.05 for two-way ANOVA. e Percent insulin release after 60 min of low and high glucose stimulation from primary islets isolated from DIO mice treated for 8 weeks with IXA4. Error bars show SEM for n = 5 or 6 mice/condition. Outliers identified by the Grubbs’ test were removed from this analysis. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 for a two-tailed Welch’s t test. f Insulin release from Min6 cells pretreated for 36 h with vehicle, IXA4 (10 μM), and/or 4μ8c (32 μM) and then stimulated with media containing low (2.8 mM) or high (16.8 mM) glucose for 60 min. Error bars show SEM for n = 5 replicates. ***P < 0.001 for one-way ANOVA. Source data for all panels in this figure are provided as Source Data File 4.