Fig. 1: Nanograined Fe-Ni alloy fabricated by IGC and the effect of annealing.

a, b Bright-field micrograph and grain size distribution of the IGC samples before and after annealing at 300 °C for 1 h. c Microhardness as a function of annealing temperature for the IGC nanograined Fe-Ni and cold-rolled Fe-Ni alloys, and the inserted graph shows the microhardness evolution of the IGC sample during annealing at 300 °C. d The master plot showing the effect of annealing on the IGC Fe-Ni alloy and the comparison with literature results on Fe-based and Ni-based alloys (Refs. 11,16,17,18,21,22,23).