Fig. 3: Ectopic IGFBP5 overexpression enhances invasion and tumorigenesis of non-invasive GSCs.

a RT-qPCR analysis of IGFBP5 expression in 83 GSCs infected with IGFBP5 or vector control lentivirus. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3 independent experiments), two-tailed Student’s t-test (^***P = 0.0009). b ELISA analysis of IGFBP5 in CM from 83 GSCs infected with IGFBP5 or vector control lentivirus. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3 independent experiments), two-tailed Student’s t-test (^**P = 0.003). c, d Invasion assays with 83 GSCs infected with vector control or IGFBP5 lentivirus. c Images taken after 24 h of invasion are representative of three independent experiments (scale bar, 100 μm; n = 3), and d the graph shows the mean number of invasive cells ± SEM, two-tailed Student’s t-test (^***P = 0.0007). e RT-qPCR analysis of IGFBP5 expression in 131 GSCs infected with IGFBP5 or vector control lentivirus. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3 independent experiments), two-tailed Student’s t-test (^***P = 0.0002). f ELISA analysis of IGFBP5 in CM from 131 GSCs infected with IGFBP5 or vector control lentivirus. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3 independent experiments), two-tailed Student’s t-test (^****P = 0.00002). g, h Invasion assays using 131 GSCs infected with vector control or IGFBP5 lentivirus. g Images taken after 24 h of invasion are representative of three independent experiments (scale bar, 100 μm; n = 3), and h the graph shows the mean number of invasive cells ± SEM, two-tailed Student’s t-test test (^**P = 0.004). i H&E staining of the whole brains of mice bearing orthotopic xenografts of 83 GSCs infected with vector control or IGFBP5 lentivirus. Scale bar, 50 μm. j Kaplan–Meier survival curves of mice implanted with 83 GSCs infected with vector control or IGFBP5 lentivirus (n = 6 in each group, 1 × 10³ cells/mouse). P = 0.0051, log-rank test. Source data are provided as the Source Data file.