Fig. 1: The construction of diamond microparticles with multimodal and dynamic features for advanced anti-counterfeiting.

a Schematic illustration of the non-deterministic fabrication process of the diamond microparticles based anti-counterfeiting labels with physical unclonable functions (PUFs). b The favorable features of the developed diamond PUFs. c Representative multimode encoding process of the diamond-PUF labels. The bright-field optical imaging pattern, dark-field scattering spectrum, and photoluminescence (PL) intensity enable the multimode static encoding, and the time-dependent PL modulation via air oxidation enables the dynamic encoding.