Fig. 3: Selected multi-proxy paleoclimate records from various lake and cave sites.
From: Prehistoric population expansion in Central Asia promoted by the Altai Holocene Climatic Optimum
a δ30Sidiatom and BSi records from Kanas Lake (red star). b Sum of P. simplex and P. duplex coenobia from Bosten Lake in Xinjiang12. c, d Reconstructed Pann from Tianchi Crater Lake48 and Sihailongwan Lake21, northeastern China. e–g Mean annual air temperature (MAAT) record from Lugu Lake and Tengchongqinghai Lake, on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau (TP)44, and a composite brGDGTs record from multiple sites in tropical East Africa43. h Speleothem δ18O record from Sahiya Cave, India50. i Chironomids-based composite summer temperature record from Alaska41. j Speleothem δ18O record from Kinderlinskaya Cave, southern Ural Mountains47. Brown and green dots on the map indicate temperature and humidity records, respectively. All data are fitted with general additive models (GAMs). The blue dotted line on the GAMs curves identifies significant periods of change for all proxies (i.e., where the derivative deviates significantly from zero). The shaded bands are 95% confidence intervals. The light red/blue shading in the subplots indicates warmer/wetter intervals, while the red/blue bars indicate the warmest/wettest stages. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
