Fig. 3: Reduced drip volume and stabilized volume deviation of Beyond-drip state.
From: Efficient agricultural drip irrigation inspired by fig leaf morphology
a Variation of drip volume Vd at Q of 2.0–20.0 mL min−1 and β of 30–60° of the optimized bodhi leaf apex with r/R = 0.618, Lapex/Wbase = 12.5 and Wtip = 1.0 mm. b Experimental image and scheme of the Above-drip state. c Vd scales with Wtip (R2 = 0.98) in the Above-drip state (β = 30°). Dashed line is linear fitting of Vd values with Wtip ranging from 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm. d Box chart of the Vd deviation of different Wtip values. e Drainage dynamics of the Beyond-drip state. Q = 13.0 mL min−1 and β = 30°. f Vd scales with Q in the Beyond-drip state. g Image of the Beyond-jet state. The initial water filament diameter D0 determines the drop diameter D. h D scales with D0 (R2 = 0.85) in the Beyond-jet state. i The relative deviation of Vd, \(({V}_{{{\mbox{d}}}}-\bar{{V}_{{{\mbox{d}}}}})/\bar{{V}_{{{\mbox{d}}}}}\), of continuous ten droplets in one drainage process at a specific flow rate Q (β = 30°). Beyond-drip state can achieve a smaller Vd and minor deviation. Data in (a, c, f and h) are shown as mean ± SD, and the error bar represents SD (n = 3 independent experiments). For the box plots in (d, i), the bounds and center line of boxes show the 25/75 percentiles and median values, and the upper and lower whiskers show maxima and minima values (n = 10). Source data for (a, c, d, f, h and i) are provided as a Source Data file.
