Fig. 4: Mechanistic studies by the density functional theory calculations.

Mechanistic studies by the density functional theory calculations. A Comparison of the C-C coupling activation barrier for the *CHO (on CuAg and pure Cu) and *COH intermediates (CuAg); B The lowest free energy pathway for the formation of ethanol (orange), ethylene (blue) and acetic acid (magenta) on CuAg and C the associated chemical formula for each elementary step in (B). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.