Fig. 4: Identification of S−scheme heterojunction/PMS activation active centers.

a, b The Co 2p and Mo 3d high−resolution XPS spectra of PBA/MoS2@CSH before and after PMS, light or Vis/PMS tests, orange and blue arrows indicate the direction of peak shift, respectively. c Schematic diagram of PMS activation mechanism by PBA/MoS2@CSH transition metal and d PBA/MoS2@CSH S−scheme heterojunction with interface electric field. e Comparison of the removal rate under different quenchers. Error bars indicate standard deviation of three measurements of quenching experiment. f, g EPR signals for DMPO– ∙ OH/SO4 ∙ – and TMPO–1O2.