Fig. 4: Evaluation of symbiosis induction by the SIOM.

Analysis of biological responses from human bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) via cytokine expression (RUNX2, OCN, OPN, and BMP2). BMSCs were cultured in the a growth media (mean ± SD, n = 3, two-tailed t-tests, p = 0.0317) and b osteogenic differentiation media (mean ± SD, n = 3, two-tailed t-tests, p = 0.000012 for OPN, p = 0.000249 for BMP2). c In vitro experiment protocol showing the collection of healthy human adult saliva for culture over the occlusive membranes for a 16 S RNA sequencing assay. Positive control (PC) means the group without an occlusive membrane. d Taxonomic composition for the CM, ZM, and SIOM at the phylum level in comparison to pooled saliva culture sequences. e Comparison of species level relative abundance for taxa exhibiting the highest prevalence. Taxa representing less than 1% of total sequences were grouped as others. f Core microbiota Venn plot presenting species level shared and unique taxa by overlapping regions. g The dissimilarity percentage between the groups against the pooled saliva reference computed using SIMPER analysis. h The differences in abundances of taxonomic groups with greater than 1% contribution to dissimilarity to PC. The negative values in x axis indicate lower abundance in PC compared to CM/SIOM and vice-versa. RUNX2: runt-related transcription factor 2; OCN osteocalcin, OPN osteopontin, BMP2 bone morphogenic protein-2. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001.