Fig. 1: FPNI leads to longevity with a broad range of beneficial health effects.

Kaplan-Meier survival graphs for female (a, n = 25 biologically independent animals per group) and male (b, n = 26 biologically independent animals per group) mice comparing vehicle control mice to those that received intranasally administered to FP fusion protein (6.5 μg) starting at 650 days of age. After the eight times of FP or vehicle administration, the aged mice were analyzed and compared to those of young mice. The results are displayed below: hair condition (c, O-Ctrl: n = 36; O-FP: n = 43 biologically independent animals), bone mineral density of the spine and femur determined by micro-CT (d, Y: n = 13; O-Ctrl: n = 13; O-FP: n = 14 biologically independent animals), total area of tube formation of bone marrow-derived stem cells (e, n = 10 biologically independent samples per group), weight of thymus (f, Y: n = 35 samples; O-Ctrl: n = 36 samples; O-FP: n = 43 samples), number of thymocytes (g, Y: n = 10 samples; O-Ctrl: n = 7 samples; O-FP: n = 12 samples), phenotypic analysis of naïve T cells (CD3⁺CD44^loCD62L^hi) in splenocytes (h, Y: n = 10 samples; O-Ctrl: n = 7 samples; O-FP: n = 10 samples), micro-PET images of the mouse brains (left) and quantitative analysis of glucose uptake (right) (i, Y: n = 12 biologically independent animals; O-Ctrl: n = 12 biologically independent animals; O-FP: n = 13 biologically independent animals), Cognitive functions were assessed with an open field test (j, Y: n = 16 biologically independent animals; O-Ctrl: n = 8 biologically independent animals; O-FP: n = 16 biologically independent animals), the nest score (k, Y: n = 9 biologically independent animals; O-Ctrl: n = 9 biologically independent animals; O-FP: n = 8 biologically independent animals), the preference score (l, Y: n = 10 biologically independent animals; O-Ctrl: n = 7 biologically independent animals; O-FP: n = 8 biologically independent animals), and the passive avoidance test (m, Y: n = 7 biologically independent animals; O-Ctrl: n = 6 biologically independent animals; O-FP: n = 6 biologically independent animals). Error bars represent mean ± SEM. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001 using the Log^-rank (Mantel-Cox) test (a and b), the unpaired two-tailed t test (c), and the one-way ANOVA (d–m). ns, not significant; FP, FlaB-PspA fusion proteins; Ctrl, vehicle control group of aged mice; Y, young mice (8 weeks old); SUV, standardized uptake value. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.